Background: Gut microbiota, mainly characterized by fecal bacterial compositions, affects human immune system and pathophysiological development. Our aim was to measure the quantitative differences of fecal bacterial compositions between osteoporotic patients and healthy subjects, and to identify novel bacterial taxa that speculate the incidence of osteoporosis in female. Method: We recruited 104 female subjects, including 45 osteoporotic individuals and 59 healthy control. Fecal samples were collected for further analysis by 16S rRNA quantitative arrays and bioinformatics analysis. Results: Analyses of α- and β-diversity demonstrated that the diversity and composition of fecal bacterial compositions were both significant different in osteoporosis group, as compared with healthy group. Multiple bacterial genera were significantly increased (e.g., Roseburia and Bacteroides) or decreased (e.g., Streptococcus and Dorea) in the osteoporotic cases. Furthermore, the osteoporosis could be efficiently determined by the random forest model based on differential taxa (area under ROC curve = 0.93). Conclusion: There were obvious different fecal microbial characteristics between female osteoporosis and healthy subjects. These findings provided evidence for understanding the host-gut microbiota interplay in female osteoporosis, and supported clinical applications of gut microbiota analysis for female osteoporosis diagnosis. Keywords: osteoporosis; gut microbiota; 16S rRNA sequencing; bioinformatics analysis; intestinal permeability

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