Ancient human genomes suggest three ancestral populations for present-day Europeans
By
Iosif Lazaridis,
Nick Patterson,
Alissa Mittnik,
Gabriel Renaud,
Swapan Mallick,
Karola Kirsanow,
Peter H Sudmant,
Joshua G. Schraiber,
Sergi Castellano,
Mark Lipson,
Bonnie Berger,
Christos Economou,
Ruth Bollongino,
Qiaomei Fu,
Kirsten I. Bos,
Susanne Nordenfelt,
Heng Li,
Cesare de Filippo,
Kay Prüfer,
Susanna Sawyer,
Cosimo Posth,
Wolfgang Haak,
Fredrik Hallgren,
Elin Fornander,
Nadin Rohland,
Dominique Delsate,
Michael Francken,
Jean-Michel Guinet,
Joachim Wahl,
George Ayodo,
Hamza A. Babiker,
Graciela Bailliet,
Elena Balanovska,
Oleg Balanovsky,
Ramiro Barrantes,
Gabriel Bedoya,
Haim Ben-Ami,
Judit Bene,
Fouad Berrada,
Claudio M. Bravi,
Francesca Brisighelli,
George Busby,
Francesco Cali,
Mikhail Churnosov,
David E. C. Cole,
Daniel Corach,
Larissa Damba,
George van Driem,
Stanislav Dryomov,
Jean-Michel Dugoujon,
Sardana A. Fedorova,
Irene Gallego Romero,
Marina Gubina,
Michael Hammer,
Brenna Henn,
Tor Hervig,
Ugur Hodoglugil,
Aashish R. Jha,
Sena Karachanak-Yankova,
Rita Khusainova,
Elza Khusnutdinova,
Rick Kittles,
Toomas Kivisild,
William Klitz,
Vaidutis Kučinskas,
Alena Kushniarevich,
Leila Laredj,
Sergey Litvinov,
Theologos Loukidis,
Robert W. Mahley,
Béla Melegh,
Ene Metspalu,
Julio Molina,
Joanna Mountain,
Klemetti Näkkäläjärvi,
Desislava Nesheva,
Thomas Nyambo,
Ludmila Osipova,
Jüri Parik,
Fedor Platonov,
Olga Posukh,
Valentino Romano,
Francisco Rothhammer,
Igor Rudan,
Ruslan Ruizbakiev,
Hovhannes Sahakyan,
Antti Sajantila,
Antonio Salas,
Elena B. Starikovskaya,
Ayele Tarekegn,
Draga Toncheva,
Shahlo Turdikulova,
Ingrida Uktveryte,
Olga Utevska,
René Vasquez,
Mercedes Villena,
Mikhail Voevoda,
Cheryl Winkler,
Levon Yepiskoposyan,
Pierre Zalloua,
Tatijana Zemunik,
Alan Cooper,
Cristian Capelli,
Mark G. Thomas,
Andres Ruiz-Linares,
Sarah A. Tishkoff,
Lalji Singh,
Kumarasamy Thangaraj,
Richard Villems,
David Comas,
Rem Sukernik,
Mait Metspalu,
Matthias Meyer,
E. E. Eichler,
Joachim Burger,
Montgomery Slatkin,
Svante Pääbo,
Janet Kelso,
David Reich,
Johannes Krause
Posted 23 Dec 2013
bioRxiv DOI: 10.1101/001552
(published DOI: 10.1038/nature13673)
We sequenced genomes from a ~7,000 year old early farmer from Stuttgart in Germany, an ~8,000 year old hunter-gatherer from Luxembourg, and seven ~8,000 year old hunter-gatherers from southern Sweden. We analyzed these data together with other ancient genomes and 2,345 contemporary humans to show that the great majority of present-day Europeans derive from at least three highly differentiated populations: West European Hunter-Gatherers (WHG), who contributed ancestry to all Europeans but not to Near Easterners; Ancient North Eurasians (ANE), who were most closely related to Upper Paleolithic Siberians and contributed to both Europeans and Near Easterners; and Early European Farmers (EEF), who were mainly of Near Eastern origin but also harbored WHG-related ancestry. We model these populations' deep relationships and show that EEF had ~44% ancestry from a "Basal Eurasian" lineage that split prior to the diversification of all other non-African lineages.
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